‘Bumblebee gravity’ could explain why the universe is expanding so quickly

Physicists have long assumed that the universe is pretty much the same in any direction, and now they’ve found a new way to test that hypothesis: by examining the shadow of a black hole.

If that shadow is a wee bit smaller than existing physics theories predict, it could help prove a far-out notion called bumblebee gravity, which describes what would happen if the seemingly perfect symmetry of the universe isn’t so perfect after all.

If scientists can find a black hole with such an undersized shadow, it would open the door to a brand-new understanding of gravity — and perhaps explain why the universe is expanding ever faster.

But to understand how this bumblebee idea could fly, let’s dig into some fundamental physics.

Looking in the mirror

Physicists love symmetry; after all, it helps us understand some of the deepest secrets of the universe. For example, physicists have realized that if you conduct an experiment on fundamental physics you can move your testing equipment somewhere else and you’ll get the same result again (that is, if all other factors, like the temperature and the strength of gravity, remain the same).

In other words, no matter where in space you conduct your experiment, you’ll get the same result. Through mathematical logic, this leads directly to the law of conservation of momentum.

Another example: If you run your experiment and wait awhile before running it again, you’ll get the same result (again, all else being equal). This temporal symmetry leads directly to the law of conservation of energy — that energy can never be created nor destroyed.

There’s another important symmetry that forms a bedrock of modern physics. It’s called the “Lorentz” symmetry, in honor of Hendrik Lorentz, the physicist who figured all this out in the early 1900s. It turns out that you can take your experiment and turn it, and (all else being equal) you will get the same result. You can also boost your experiment to a fixed velocity and still get the same result.

In other words, all else being equal — and yes, I’m repeating that often, because it’s important — if you’re conducting an experiment at total rest, and doing the same experiment at half the speed of light, you’ll get the same result.

This is the symmetry that Lorentz uncovered: The laws of physics are the same regardless of position, time, orientation and speed.

What do we get out of this fundamental symmetry? Well, for starters, we get Einstein’s entire theory of special relativity, which sets out a constant speed of light and explains how space and time are linked for objects traveling at different speeds.

Bumblebee gravity

Special relativity is so essential to physics that it’s almost a metatheory of physics: If you want to concoct your own idea of how the universe works, it has to be compatible with the dictates of special relativity.

Or not.

Physicists are constantly trying to cook up new and improved theories of physics, because the old ones, like general relativity, which describes how matter warps space-time and the Standard Model of particle physics, cannot explain everything in the universe, such as what happens at the heart of a black hole. And one very juicy place to look for new physics is to see if any cherished notions might not be so accurate in extreme conditions — cherished notions like Lorentz symmetry.

Some models of gravity argue that the universe isn’t exactly symmetrical after all. These models predict that there are extra ingredients in the universe that force it to not exactly obey Lorentz symmetry all the time. In other words, there would be a special, or privileged, direction in the cosmos.

These new models describe a hypothesis dubbed “bumblebee gravity.” It gets its name from the supposed idea that scientists once claimed that bumblebees shouldn’t be able to fly, because we didn’t understand how their wings generated lift. (Scientists never actually believed that, by the way.) We don’t fully understand how these models of gravity work and how they could be compatible with the universe that we see, and yet, there they are, staring us in the face as viable options for new physics.

One of the most powerful uses of bumblebee gravity models is to potentially explain dark energy —the phenomenon responsible for the observed accelerated expansion of the universe. It turns out that the degree to which our universe violates Lorentz symmetry can be tied to an effect that generates accelerated expansion. And because we have no idea what’s creating dark energy, this possibility looks very appealing indeed.

The black shadow

The first ever direct image of a black hole, with yellow ring surrounding black circle — It took eight telescopes and more than 200 astronomers to produce an astonishing, never-before-seen image of a distant black hole. The dark circle at the center is the black hole’s shadow. (Image credit: Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration)